1. Prehistoric Period
Prehistoric times in Bali is the beginning of the history of the people of Bali, which is characterized by community life in those days who are not familiar with writing. Although in prehistoric times has been known to write the history of the writing life, but a variety of evidence about life in the society at that time can also be said again it appears Ages lasted in the prehistoric period of time long enough, then the evidence has been found until now is certainly not can meet all our expectations.
Thanks to the diligent and skilled study of foreign experts, especially the Dutch and the sons of Indonesia, the development of prehistoric times in Bali increasingly bright. Attention to kekunaan in Bali is first given by a naturalist named Georg Eberhard Rumpf, in the year 1705 as published in his book Amboinsche Reteitkamer. As a pioneer in archaeological research in Bali is WOJ Nieuwenkamp who visited Bali in 1906 as a painter. He made a trip to explore Bali. And give some remarks, among others, about nekara Pejeng, Trunyan village, Pura Bukit Writing. Attention to this Pejeng nekara followed by KC Crucq in 1932 who managed to find a three-part mold in the Pura Desa nekara Pejeng Manuaba Tegallalang village.
Prehistoric Research in Bali followed by Dr. H.A.R. van Heekeren with the article titled Sarcopagus on Bali in 1954. In 1963 the son of Indonesian prehistory experts Drs. R.P. Soejono doing excavation was conducted in a sustainable manner ie 1973, 1974, 1984, 1985. Based on the results of research that has been done on finding objects that come from the Gulf beach Gilimanuk Gilimanuk alleged that the site location is a fishing village from time perundagian in Bali. In this place now stands a museum.
Based on the evidence that had been found until now in Bali, people's lives or the people of Bali in prehistoric times in Bali can be divided into:
1. The period of hunting and gathering food simple level
2. The period of hunting and gathering food advanced
3. Period of cultivation
4. Period perundagian
1. a. The period of hunting and gathering food simple level
The remnants of the earliest known culture studies conducted since 1960 by found in the village Sambiran (East Buleleng), and eastern and southeastern edge of Lake Batur (Kintamani) stone tools are classified as handheld ax, ax impact, shaved and so forth. Stone tools were found in both regions are kept in the museum building Bedahulu Arca in Herzliya.
Life of residents in this period is very simple, entirely dependent on the natural environment. They live roam from one location to another (nomads). The areas chosen are areas containing food and water supplies are sufficient to ensure survival. Life hunt conducted by small groups and the results shared. Hunting task performed by men, because this work requires a large enough energy to face all dangers that may occur. Women are only responsible for completing the work light such as gathering food from the natural surroundings. Until now has not found evidence of whether people in those days already speak the language as a tool to each other.
Although the evidence contained in Bali less complete, but the evidence found in Pacitan presumably it can be used as a guideline. Experts estimate that the stone tools of Pacitan contemporaries and has much in common with stone tools from Sembiran, produced by human kind. Pithecanthropus erectus or offspring. If so perhaps the new tools of Sambiran produced by the human species Pithecanthropus or offspring.
1. b. Hunting and gathering food Period advanced
During this mode of life which comes from the previous period are still influential. Living hunting and gathering food that contained the wild about continued evident from the form of tools made from stone, bone and shells. Evidence on human life during mesolithik found in 1961 in Cave Selonding, Pecatu (Badung). This cave is located in the mountains of limestone on the Benoa peninsula. In this area there is a larger cave is a cave Karang Boma, but this cave does not give a proof of life that had lasted disana.Dalam Selonding discovered cave excavation equipment consists of tools and shaved flakes of stone and a number of bone tools . Among the tools there are some lencipan muduk bone is a device along the 5 cm of both ends sharpened.
Such tools were also found in the caves of South Sulawesi, on the level of cultural development and well-known Toala also in Eastern Australia. Outside the Bali found painting the walls of the cave, which describes the socio-economic life and public confidence at that time. The paintings on cave walls or on the walls of coral, among other brands of hand, hog deer, birds, humans, boats, symbol of the sun, painting the eyes and so forth. Several other paintings were more developing in a more tradition then and it means to be much brighter also include painting lizard as found on the island of Seram and Irian Jaya, probably means magical power which is considered as an incarnation of the spirit ancestors or chiefs.
1. c. Period of cultivation
Cultivation period of birth through a long process and can not be separated from prehistoric human effort in meeting their needs in times previous. Neolithic period is very important in the history of society and civilization, because at this time some new discovery in the form of mastery of the natural resources to grow rapidly. Livelihood collect food (food gathering) changed to produce food (food producing). This change really means a lot considering the consequences that are very deep and extends into the economy and culture.
The remnants of the farming life in Bali, among others, a square stone axes in various sizes, and panarah belincung trees. Kern theory and the theory of Von Geldern Heine is known that the ancestors of Austronesian peoples, who began coming to our island approximately 2,000 years BC is the Neolithic era. Culture has two branches are branches that spread square ax from Asia via the western plains and the legacy mainly located in the western part of Indonesia and oval axes are spread through the streets east and legacy-legacy evenly in the eastern part of our country. Supporting Neolithic culture (ax square) is the nation's first migration wave of Austronesian and was followed by a second wave of displacement that occurred during the bronze about 500 BC The move to the Austronesian peoples of Southeast Asia in particular by wearing a well-known type of outrigger canoe at this time. At this time believed to have grown by way of trade exchange of goods (barter) needed. In this case as related equipment needed language. The experts argued that Indonesian Malay during this period is known as Polynesian or Austronesian languages.
1. d. Period perundagian Gong, which were also found in various places in the archipelago, is a musical instrument that is expected to stem from the perundagian.
In the Neolithic human remains reside in groups and arrange their lives according to the needs of converged to produce its own food (agriculture and livestock). In the period of permanent residence, people make an effort to increase its activities in order to achieve maximum results in meeting their daily needs.
In this age of human species that inhabit Indonesia can know from the discoveries of the remains of order from various places, most important of which is the findings from Anyer Lor (West Java), Puger (East Java), Gilimanuk (Bali) and Melolo (Sumbawa .) From the findings of numerous frameworks that show human traits. While the discovery in Gilimanuk with the number of skeleton found 100 pieces show a strong Mongolaid characteristics as seen on the teeth and face. In the framework of human Gilimanuk visible dental disease and gout that many humans at that time.
Based on the evidence that has been found can be seen that the Balinese people has grown during perundagian burial tradition in certain ways. The burial of the first ways is to use a coffin or sarcophagus made of stone or a soft Rock keras.Cara funeral is to use the crock made of clay as found on the beach Gilimanuk (Jembrana). Finding objects in this place turned out to attract enough of them there are nearly 100 pieces of human skeleton adults and children, in a state of complete and incomplete. The tradition of burial in jars was found also in West Java Anyer, Sabang (South Sulawesi), Selayar, Bread and Melolo (Sumba). Outside Indonesia this tradition evolved in the Philippines, Thailand, Japan and Korea.
2. Megalithik culture is culture that primarily produce buildings of large stones. These stones have not usually worked fine, just trim the rough just to get the necessary forms. megalithik tradition in Bali was still alive and functioning in the life of society today. The findings are important is in the form of standing stones (menhirs) contained in Pancering Jagat Pura Ratu Gede at the village. In the temple in which there is a statue called the statue of Da Tonta which have characteristics derived from the tradition megalithik. This statue is almost 4 meters high. Another result is in the village Sembiran (Buleleng), which is famous as the ancient Balinese village, villages beside Trunyan and Tenganan. Megalithik tradition in the village can be seen in Sembiran pretending that the locals worshiped until today. from 20 pieces found 17 pieces pura pura show megalithik forms and in general made very simple. Among them is shaped terraces, stone standing in palinggih and some are just a stone arrangement.
Other important findings are also in the form of buildings located in the village megalithik Gelgel (Klungkung). The findings are important in the village is a statue menhir Gelgel that is contained in the Pura Agung Panataran Jro. This menhir statues made of stone with a protrusion of a woman's genitals that contain religious values are important as a symbol of fertility who could give life to the community.
3. The entry of Hindu Religion
Elephant Cave (XI century), one of the relics of the early period of Hinduism in Bali.
The end of prehistoric times in Indonesia was marked by the arrival of the nation and Hindu influences. In the first centuries AD until approximately 1500, ie with the disappearance of the Majapahit kingdom was Hindu influence period. With the influences of India that ended the Indonesian prehistoric times because obtaining the written statement that includes the nation of Indonesia into the era of history. Based on the descriptions found in the inscription of the 8th century AD can be said that the Ancient Balinese historical period covering the period between the 8th century BC until the 14th century BC with the arrival of the expedition Mahapatih Gajah Mada from Majapahit who can defeat the Balinese. Balidwipa name is not a new name, but has existed since ancient times. It can be known from several inscriptions, among them the inscription Blanjong issued by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in the year 913 AD who mentions the word "Walidwipa". Similarly, from the inscriptions of King Jayapangus, such as D and stele inscriptions Buwahan Cempaga A which framed the year 1181 AD.
Among the kings of Bali, which left many written statement that also addresses the picture of the composition of the government at that time is of Udayana, Jayapangus, Jayasakti, and Children Wungsu. In controlling the government, the king assisted by a Central Advisory Board. The oldest inscription 882 AD - 914 AD this body is called the "panglapuan". Since the days of Udayana, called the Central Advisory Board with the term "pakiran i Jro makabaihan thoughts." This body consists of several people Senapati and Siwa and Buddhist priests.
In the inscriptions before the King Child Wungsu mentioned some kind of art that existed at that time. However, only in the days of King Children Wungsu, we can distinguish the type of art into two major groups, namely the palace of art and folk art. Of course, the term of this palace of art does not mean that the art was completely closed for the people. Sometimes this art be presented to the community in the villages or in other words, this palace of art is not the monopoly of kings.
In the field of religion, the influence of prehistoric times, especially from the megalithic era is still felt strong. Trust in those days was focused on cultic ancestor worship disimboliskan in the form of building the so-called pyramid or terrace with staircase-building steps. Sometimes at the top of the building is placed menhir, namely monolithic stone pillar as a symbol of the spirit of their ancestors. At the time of this Hindu temple buildings seen in pundan terraces similar to the steps. The belief in the gods of the mountain, sea, and others who come from the era before the entry of Hindus still reflected in public life in the days after the entry of Hindu religion. At the beginning until the reign of King Sri Wijaya goddess is not known with certainty the religious affiliation of the era. Only it can be seen from the names of the monks who used elements of the name of Shiva, Shiva Piwakangsita monk example, Siwanirmala monks, and monks Siwaprajna. On this basis, the possibility of religion that developed at that time was the religion of Shiva. New in the reign of King Udayana and empress, there are two streams of the major religions embraced by the population, namely Shiva and Buddhist religion. This information is obtained from the inscriptions, inscriptions that mention the existence of mpungku Sewasogata (Shiva-Buddha) as assistant king.
4. Period 1343-1846
This period begins with the arrival of Gajah Mada expedition in 1343.
4.1 The arrival of Expedition Gajah Mada
Gajah Mada expedition to Bali Bali performed at the time of the Kingdom ruled by King Astasura Bedahulu with Ratna Bumi Banten and Patih Kebo Iwa. By first killing Kebo Iwa, Gajah Mada led the expedition with Commander Arya Damar, assisted by several people arya. This attack resulted in fighting between troops and the Kingdom of Gajah Mada Bedahulu. This battle resulted Bedahulu king and his son died. After stocks Grigis surrender, there is vacuum of government in Bali. For that reason, Majapahit appointed Sri Kresna Kepakisan to lead the government in Bali with the consideration that Sri Krishna Kepakisan have blood relations with the people of Bali Aga. From here begins Kepakisan dynasty.
4.2 Period Gelgel
Because of incompetence Raden Agra Samprangan become king, Raden Samprangan replaced by Dalem Ketut Ngulesir. By Dalem Ketut Ngulesir, the central government moved to Gelgel (read / gɛl'gɛl /). At this point begins the Period Gelgel and King Dalem Ketut Ngulesir is the first king. The second King was Dalem Watu Renggong (1460-1550). Dalem Watu Renggong up the throne with a stable royal heritage so that he can develop the skills and authority to prosper the Kingdom Gelgel. Under the reign Renggong Watu, Bali (Gelgel) reached peak glory. After Dalem Watu Renggong died he was replaced by Dalem Bekung (1550-1580), while the last king of the period was Dalem In Gelgel Made (1605-1686).
4.3 Klungkung Kingdom Period
Klungkung Kingdom is actually a continuation of the dynasty Gelgel. The rebellion of I Gusti Agung Maruti has turned out to end the period Gelgel. It happened because after the son of Dalem In Made adults and can defeat I Gusti Agung Maruti, palace Gelgel not restored. Gusti Agung Jambe as a son who is entitled to the throne of the kingdom, was not willing to reign in Gelgel, but choosing a new place as a center of government, namely the former hiding place in Semarapura.
As such, Dewa Agung Jambe (1710-1775) was the first king of Klungkung era. The second king is the Supreme Deity In Made I, while the last Klungkung king was the Supreme Deity in the Made II. At the time of this Klungkung kingdom area split into small kingdoms. These small kingdoms then became self-government (number eight), which at the time of independence known as the district.
4.4 Kingdom of Klungkung kingdom fractions
1. Badung kingdom, which later became the Badung Regency.
2. Bangli Kingdom, which later became Bangli regency.
3. Kingdom of Buleleng, which later became the Buleleng regency.
4. Kingdom of Gianyar, who later became the Gianyar Regency.
5. Karangasem kingdom, which later became the district of Karangasem.
6. Klungkung kingdom, which later became the Klungkung Regency.
7. Kingdom of Tabanan, who later became the Tabanan regency.
5. Period 1846-1949
In this period began to enter the Dutch intervention to Bali in order to "pacification" of the entire region Islands archipelago. In the process inadvertently arouse nationalist sentiment in Indonesia, the areas were not addressed by the administration of Batavia tried to master and united under administration. Dutch go to Bali due to several things: some rules of the kingdom in Bali, which is considered disturbing the Dutch trade interests, Bali refusal to accept the monopoly offered Batavia, and requests for assistance from residents of Lombok Island who feel unfairly treated by the rulers (from Bali).
5.1 Resistance Against Dutch People
This period is the period of resistance to the arrival of the Dutch in Bali. Resistance-resistance is characterized by the eruption of war in the region of Bali. Resistance-resistance can be described as follows: 1. Buleleng War (1846) 2. Jagaraga War (1848 - 1849) 3. Kusamba War (1849) 4. Banjar War (1868) 5. Puputan Badung (1906) 6. Bellows Klungkung (1908) With the Dutch victory in the war and the fall of the kingdom of Klungkung into the hands of the Dutch, it means a whole Bali have fallen into the hands of Holland.
5.2 Age of Dutch colonization
Since the kingdom of Buleleng fell into the hands of the Netherlands the Dutch government began to care about the government interfering in Bali. This is done by changing the name of the king as ruler of the area by the name of regent for Buleleng and Jembrana areas and placing PL Van Bloemen Waanders as controleur the first in Bali.
The structure of government in Bali was still rooted in the traditional governance structure, which keep the traditional leadership in implementing the government in these areas. For in Bali, the position of king is the highest authority, which at the time of colonial rule was accompanied by a controleur. In the areas of accountability, the king directly responsible to the Resident of Bali and Lombok which domiciled in Singaraja, Bali while for the South, her kings betanggung accountable to the Assistant Resident that domiciled in Denpasar. To meet the needs of administrative staff, the Dutch government has opened a grammar school first in Bali, which is in Singaraja (1875) known as the Tweede Klasse School. In 1913 opened a school with the name of Erste Inlandsche School and then followed by a Dutch school with the name of Hollands Inlandshe School (HIS) that students mostly from kids and the rich nobles.
5.3 Birth Movement Organization
Because of the influence of education obtained, the young students and a few people who have obtained jobs in Singaraja initiated to establish an association with the name "Suita Gama Tirta" which aims to promote Balinese society in the world of science through religious teachings. Unfortunately this is not burumur long association. Then a few teachers who still thirst for religious education founded an association named "Shanti" in 1923. This society has a magazine called "Shanti Adnyana" which later turned into a "Bali Adnyana".
In 1925 in Soweto also founded an association named "magnifier" and has a magazine called "magnifier". Like the association Shanti, magnifier for the people of Bali want progress in science and eliminate traditions which are not in accordance with the times. In the meantime, in Karangasem born an association called "Satya samudaya Baudanda Bali Lombok" whose members consist of civil servants and the public in order to save and raise money for the benefit of Fons studie.
5.4 Japanese Occupation Period
After going through several battles, the Japanese army landed on Sanur Beach on 18 and 19 February 1942. From the direction of this Sanur Denpasar Japanese troops entered the city without experiencing any resistance. Then, from this Denpasar Japan controlled the whole of Bali. At first that laid the basis of the authority of Japan at Bali was the Japanese Army troops (Rikugun). Then, when the atmosphere is stable control of the government handed over to civilian government.
Because the atmosphere during the Japanese occupation in a state of war, all activities are directed at the needs of war. The youths have been trained to become soldiers Defenders of the Homeland (PETA). For Bali, MAP was formed in January 1944 that the program and the terms of their education tailored to PETA in Java.
5.5 Period of Independence
Following the proclamation of Indonesian independence, on 23 August 1945, Mr. I Gusti Ketut Puja arrived in Bali with a mandate of his appointment as Governor of the Lesser Sunda. Since his arrival here Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in Bali began to be disseminated down to the villages. It was then that began to place the preparations for realizing the structure of government in Bali as the Lesser Sunda region with its capital of Singaraja.
Since the landing of NICA in Bali, Bali has always been a battle arena. In that battle RI troops using guerrilla system. Therefore, MBO as the mother forces are always moving. To tighten security in Bali, brought relief from Java ALRI which then merge into the troops in Bali. Because of frequent battles, the Dutch had sent a letter to Rai to conduct negotiations. However, the fighters are not willing to Bali, and even continued to strengthen its defenses by including all people.
To facilitate contact with Java, Rai never took the strategy to move the Dutch attention to eastern Bali. On May 28, 1946 Rai mobilize troops toward the east and is known as "Long March". During held "Long March" was often ambushed by guerrilla forces that often occur Dutch soldiers battle. The battle that brought victory in the Tanah Arun battle is a warrior, the battle that occurred in a small village on the slopes of Mount Agung, in Karangasem regency. In Tanah Arun battle which occurred July 9, 1946 that the Dutch were many victims. After the battle Ngurah Rai forces back toward the west which later reached the village of Marga (Tabanan). To further conserve energy because of limited weapons, there are some members had sent troops to fight together with the community.
5.6 Puputan Margarana
At the time MBO staffs were in the village of Marga, I Gusti Ngurah Rai ordered his troops to seize the NICA police weapons in Tabanan city. The order was executed on November 18, 1946 (night) and did well. Several guns and bullets can be taken, and a Nica police commandant joined forces to join himself to the Ngurah Rai. After that the troops immediately returned to Marga Village. On 20 November 1946 since the early morning start nengadakan confinement Dutch army against the village of Marga. Approximately at 10.00 am start the shooting between Nica force with troops Ngurah Rai. In an exciting battle front that Dutch troops who shot dead a lot. Therefore, the Dutch soon bring relief from all the troops who are in Bali, plus the bombers who came from Napier. In the fierce battle that all members of Ngurah Rai forces determined not to retreat to the death. This is where the troops entered the Ngurah Rai "Puputan" so that the forces which numbered 96 people were all killed, including the Ngurah Rai own. Conversely, in the Netherlands there are approximately 400 people who died. To commemorate the event are now on the former arena of battle was established Tugu Pahlawan Beloved Nation Park.
5.7 Denpasar Conference
On December 7 to December 24, 1946, the Conference took place in the marquee Denpasar Bali Hotel. The conference was opened by Van Mook that aims to establish the Eastern Indonesia State (NIT) with capital of Makasar (Ujung Pandang).
With the formation of State of East Indonesia that the composition of government in Bali was revived as in the days of the kings of old, the government held by the king who is assisted by the governor, courtier, perbekel, and the government that the bottom is Kelian. In addition, there was more of a board which is located above the king, the council of kings.
5.8 Sovereignty Handover
The first military aggression against the Republic of Indonesia pemeritahan troops based in Yogyakarta dilancarakan by the Netherlands on July 21, 1947. Dutch launch more aggression that both December 18, 1948. During the second aggression on Bali was constantly sought the establishment of bodies to be guerrilla struggle more effective. In this connection, in July 1948 can be formed organizations struggle with the name of the Indonesian People's Freedom Movement (Grim). Subsequently, on 27 November 1949, Grim joined with other organizations struggle with the name of Continued Struggle. The name was later changed again to the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Emergency), Lesser Sunda Islands.
Meanwhile, the Round Table Conference (RTC) regarding the approval of the establishment of the Union Indonesia - The Dutch started since late August 1949. Finally, December 27, 1949 Netherlands recognizes the sovereignty of RIS. Subsequently, on 17 August 1950, RIS was changed to the Republic of Indonesia.
6. Period 1949-2007
On October 12, 2002, there was bombing in the Kuta area which left an estimated 202 people died and hundreds were injured. Most of the victims killed were citizens of Australia and Indonesia.
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